> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://taylor-lindsay.gitbook.io/tl-comps/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://taylor-lindsay.gitbook.io/tl-comps/1.-basics/1.1-basic-biology-review.md).

# 1.1 Basic Biology Review

## Amino Acids & Proteins

#### AA structure 

* Central carbon surrounded by an amino group (H2N), a Carboxylic acid group (O=C-OH), an H, and a unique side chain 
* r -group
* Methyl groups 

#### AA Types 

* Humans use about 20 AAs 
* Essential, conditionally essential, Nonessential

#### Steps of Protein synthesis 

* Transcription - genes are copied into mRNA
  * mRNA built by RNA polymerase  
  * mRNA leaves nucleus and goes to ribosome 
* Translation - mRNA turned into a protein 
  * each codon of three bases codes for a specific AA
  * tRNA caries an amino acid and matches the anti-codon of three bases with the mRNA 
  * Peptide bonds - bind AAs together to form proteins 
  * ribosome moves along the mRNA until a complete chain of AAs is formed
  * chain of AAs folds up to form protein

## Cellular Respiration (Aerobic)

<figure><img src="https://d16qt3wv6xm098.cloudfront.net/-8wn3IA_QZyF4EvXAetmSC9sRPuE3fJs/_.png" alt="" width="188"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

#### Glycolysis

* glucose is converted into pyruvate&#x20;
* Net yield +2 ATP&#x20;
* pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA&#x20;

<figure><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/3ac5f05c70a76473139a0abb96318146af528f48.png" alt="" width="188"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

#### Krebs Cycle / Citric acid&#x20;

* CO2 & +2ATP&#x20;
* Acetyl CoA broken down further into citric acid
* Citric acid is oxidized and energy is used to bind ADP and phosphate to make ATP and electron carriers (NADH & FADH2)

<figure><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/c7052763740cb431d8e989fa55460816cc5a074c.png" alt="" width="375"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

#### Electron Transport Chain&#x20;

* electrons used to create proton gradient to pump protons across membrane&#x20;
* Chemiosmosis - ATP synthase enzyme creates ATP&#x20;
* +34 ATP&#x20;

<figure><img src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/LsRQ5_EmxJA/maxresdefault.jpg" alt="" width="375"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

## Other&#x20;

* Proteolysis - the process by which proteins are broken down by HCL, pepsin & other digestive enzymes&#x20;


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